Finding Images for Marler...and Beyond!

The examples on this site are grouped into four main Constant Plate Variety (CPV) types: defective transfers, re‑entries, retouches, and plate flaws. Each type tells you something slightly different about the life of the plate.

Defective transfers show problems when the design was first transferred to the plate – missing or incomplete details that were there in the original die. These faults are “built in” from the start.

Re‑entries show extra lines where the design was re‑entered on top of itself. They can range from very subtle doubling to strong extra lines in key parts of the design.

Retouches are deliberate corrections made by the engraver or plate maker. They often strengthen weak areas, redraw missing lines, or tidy up damage, and can be surprisingly easy – or surprisingly hard – to spot.


Plate flaws are accidents of use: damage, wear or other changes that affect certain positions over time. Some are large and dramatic; many are small and require careful comparison with a “normal” stamp.

Looking at examples in all four categories will help you decide which label best describes what you see, and whether a feature is likely to be a constant variety or just random inking or wear.